Online courses directory (190)

Chemistry is an integral part of our lives and the world we live in. Chemistry explains the world around us. Are you a college student intimidated by a chemistry course? Do you need a head start in exploring chemistry in order to be prepared for general chemistry courses? In this pre-college course, students will be introduced to the fundamentals of chemistry. Concepts, terminologies, and basic mathematics skills required for conversions in chemistry will be covered. This basic chemistry course is recommended for McHenry County College

This free online diploma course is ideal for professionals working in the area of environmental science, for students who wish to pursue a career in environmental science, or for those who simply want to learn more about building a sustainable existence on this planet.<br /><br />Environmental science is the field of science that studies physical, chemical and biological aspects of the environment and determines solutions to environmental problems.<br /><br />Gain thorough knowledge and understanding of environmental science such as understanding the earth's processes, evaluating alternative energy systems, pollution control and mitigation, natural resource management, the importance of global water supplies, and the effects of climate change.<br />

Build your earth science vocabulary and learn about cycles of matter and types of sedimentary rocks through the Education Portal course Earth Science 101: Earth Science. Our series of video lessons and accompanying self-assessment quizzes can help you boost your scientific knowledge ahead of the Excelsior Earth Science exam . This course was designed by experienced educators and examines both science basics, like experimental design and systems of measurement, and more advanced topics, such as analysis of rock deformation and theories of continental drift.

Get a basic overview of microbiology before exploring advanced topics like bacterial cell morphology, nitrogen fixation and protozoan diseases through this online Education Portal course, Biology 103: Microbiology. Watch our video lessons on STDs, bacterial diseases and foodborne illnesses as you prepare to earn real college credit through the Microbiology Excelsior Exam . Though the subjects covered in these lessons are somewhat intense, our experienced, knowledgeable instructors have kept the videos brief, engaging and easy to follow. You also can benefit from the multiple-choice quizzes and written transcripts that complement each video.

Get a basic overview of microbiology before exploring advanced topics like bacterial cell morphology, nitrogen fixation and protozoan diseases through this online Education Portal course, Biology 103: Microbiology. Watch our video lessons on STDs, bacterial diseases and foodborne illnesses as you prepare to earn real college credit through the Microbiology Excelsior Exam . Though the subjects covered in these lessons are somewhat intense, our experienced, knowledgeable instructors have kept the videos brief, engaging and easy to follow. You also can benefit from the multiple-choice quizzes and written transcripts that complement each video.

Motion, speed and time are three fundamental concepts in basic physics and they are important building blocks for understanding more advanced topics. This free online course introduces you to how distance, speed, time and mass are combined to give displacement, velocity, force and acceleration. Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion, which are the bedrock of much of our understanding of physics today, are also introduced and explained in a clear and concise manner. Along with explanations of the formulae used, a number of examples are worked through, giving a full understanding of the subject. References are also made as to how these formulae are used in real-world situations. By studying this course you will gain a clearer knowledge and understanding of important topics in basic physics. This course will be of great interest to students who are studying physics, chemistry, engineering, mathematics and some medical sciences, and to students who wish to pursue a career in any of the sciences or engineering fields, and to the individual who wants to understand how the world around us works.<br />

Watch fun, educational videos on all sorts of Physics questions. Thomas Young's Double Slit Experiment. Newton's Prism Experiment. Bridge Design and Destruction! (part 1). Bridge Design (and Destruction!) Part 2. Shifts in Equilibrium. The Marangoni Effect: How to make a soap propelled boat!. The Invention of the Battery. The Forces on an Airplane. Bouncing Droplets: Superhydrophobic and Superhydrophilic Surfaces. A Crash Course on Indoor Flying Robots. Heat Transfer. Thomas Young's Double Slit Experiment. Newton's Prism Experiment. Bridge Design and Destruction! (part 1). Bridge Design (and Destruction!) Part 2. Shifts in Equilibrium. The Marangoni Effect: How to make a soap propelled boat!. The Invention of the Battery. The Forces on an Airplane. Bouncing Droplets: Superhydrophobic and Superhydrophilic Surfaces. A Crash Course on Indoor Flying Robots. Heat Transfer.

What is the Earth made up of and how do we know? What causes the seasons? Are there longer-ranging cycles in Earth's climate?. Plate Tectonics-- Difference between crust and lithosphere. Structure of the Earth. Plate Tectonics -- Evidence of plate movement. Plate Tectonics -- Geological Features of Divergent Plate Boundaries. Plate Tectonics-- Geological features of Convergent Plate Boundaries. Plates Moving Due to Convection in Mantle. Hawaiian Islands Formation. Pangaea. Compositional and Mechanical Layers of the Earth. How we know about the Earth's core. Seismic Waves. Why S-Waves Only Travel in Solids. Refraction of Seismic Waves. The Mohorovicic Seismic Discontinuity. Seasons Aren't Dictated by Closeness to Sun. How Earth's Tilt Causes Seasons. Are Southern Hemisphere Seasons More Severe?. Milankovitch Cycles Precession and Obliquity. Precession Causing Perihelion to Happen Later. What Causes Precession and Other Orbital Changes. Apsidal Precession (Perihelion Precession) and Milankovitch Cycles. Plate Tectonics-- Difference between crust and lithosphere. Structure of the Earth. Plate Tectonics -- Evidence of plate movement. Plate Tectonics -- Geological Features of Divergent Plate Boundaries. Plate Tectonics-- Geological features of Convergent Plate Boundaries. Plates Moving Due to Convection in Mantle. Hawaiian Islands Formation. Pangaea. Compositional and Mechanical Layers of the Earth. How we know about the Earth's core. Seismic Waves. Why S-Waves Only Travel in Solids. Refraction of Seismic Waves. The Mohorovicic Seismic Discontinuity. Seasons Aren't Dictated by Closeness to Sun. How Earth's Tilt Causes Seasons. Are Southern Hemisphere Seasons More Severe?. Milankovitch Cycles Precession and Obliquity. Precession Causing Perihelion to Happen Later. What Causes Precession and Other Orbital Changes. Apsidal Precession (Perihelion Precession) and Milankovitch Cycles.

When and how did life emerge on Earth? How did humanity develop a civilization? Is there other intelligent life out there?. Earth Formation. Beginnings of Life. Ozone Layer and Eukaryotes Show Up in the Proterozoic Eon. Biodiversity Flourishes in Phanerozoic Eon. First living things on land clarification. Human Evolution Overview. Understanding Calendar Notation. Correction Calendar Notation. Development of Agriculture and Writing. Firestick Farming. Collective Learning. Thomas Malthus and Population Growth. Land Productivity Limiting Human Population. Energy Inputs for Tilling a Hectare of Land. Random Predictions for 2060. Chronometric Revolution. Carbon 14 Dating 1. Carbon 14 Dating 2. Potassium-Argon (K-Ar) Dating. K-Ar Dating Calculation. Detectable Civilizations in our Galaxy 1. Detectable Civilizations in our Galaxy 2. Detectable Civilizations in our Galaxy 3. Detectable Civilizations in our Galaxy 4. Detectable Civilizations in our Galaxy 5. Earth Formation. Beginnings of Life. Ozone Layer and Eukaryotes Show Up in the Proterozoic Eon. Biodiversity Flourishes in Phanerozoic Eon. First living things on land clarification. Human Evolution Overview. Understanding Calendar Notation. Correction Calendar Notation. Development of Agriculture and Writing. Firestick Farming. Collective Learning. Thomas Malthus and Population Growth. Land Productivity Limiting Human Population. Energy Inputs for Tilling a Hectare of Land. Random Predictions for 2060. Chronometric Revolution. Carbon 14 Dating 1. Carbon 14 Dating 2. Potassium-Argon (K-Ar) Dating. K-Ar Dating Calculation. Detectable Civilizations in our Galaxy 1. Detectable Civilizations in our Galaxy 2. Detectable Civilizations in our Galaxy 3. Detectable Civilizations in our Galaxy 4. Detectable Civilizations in our Galaxy 5.

Hank Green teaches you biology!. Why Carbon is a Tramp. Water - Liquid Awesome. Biological Molecules - You Are What You Eat. Eukaryopolis - The City of Animal Cells. In Da Club - Membranes & Transport. Plant Cells. ATP & Respiration. Photosynthesis. Heredity. DNA Structure and Replication. DNA, Hot Pockets, & The Longest Word Ever. Mitosis: Splitting Up is Complicated. Meiosis: Where the Sex Starts. Natural Selection. Speciation: Of Ligers & Men. Animal Development: We're Just Tubes. Evolutionary Development: Chicken Teeth. Population Genetics: When Darwin Met Mendel. Taxonomy: Life's Filing System. Evolution: It's a Thing. Comparative Anatomy: What Makes Us Animals. Simple Animals: Sponges, Jellies, & Octopuses. Complex Animals: Annelids & Arthropods. Chordates. Animal Behavior. The Nervous System. Circulatory & Respiratory Systems. The Digestive System. The Excretory System: From Your Heart to the Toilet. The Skeletal System: It's ALIVE!. Big Guns: The Muscular System. Your Immune System: Natural Born Killer. Great Glands - Your Endocrine System. The Reproductive System: How Gonads Go. Old & Odd: Archaea, Bacteria & Protists. The Sex Lives of Nonvascular Plants. Vascular Plants = Winning!. The Plants & The Bees: Plant Reproduction. Fungi: Death Becomes Them. Ecology - Rules for Living on Earth. Why Carbon is a Tramp. Water - Liquid Awesome. Biological Molecules - You Are What You Eat. Eukaryopolis - The City of Animal Cells. In Da Club - Membranes & Transport. Plant Cells. ATP & Respiration. Photosynthesis. Heredity. DNA Structure and Replication. DNA, Hot Pockets, & The Longest Word Ever. Mitosis: Splitting Up is Complicated. Meiosis: Where the Sex Starts. Natural Selection. Speciation: Of Ligers & Men. Animal Development: We're Just Tubes. Evolutionary Development: Chicken Teeth. Population Genetics: When Darwin Met Mendel. Taxonomy: Life's Filing System. Evolution: It's a Thing. Comparative Anatomy: What Makes Us Animals. Simple Animals: Sponges, Jellies, & Octopuses. Complex Animals: Annelids & Arthropods. Chordates. Animal Behavior. The Nervous System. Circulatory & Respiratory Systems. The Digestive System. The Excretory System: From Your Heart to the Toilet. The Skeletal System: It's ALIVE!. Big Guns: The Muscular System. Your Immune System: Natural Born Killer. Great Glands - Your Endocrine System. The Reproductive System: How Gonads Go. Old & Odd: Archaea, Bacteria & Protists. The Sex Lives of Nonvascular Plants. Vascular Plants = Winning!. The Plants & The Bees: Plant Reproduction. Fungi: Death Becomes Them. Ecology - Rules for Living on Earth.

Hank Green teaches you ecology!. The History of Life on Earth. Population Ecology: The Texas Mosquito Mystery. Human Population Growth. Community Ecology: Feel the Love. Community Ecology II: Predators. Ecological Succession: Change is Good. Ecosystem Ecology: Links in the Chain. The Hydrologic and Carbon Cycles: Always Recycle!. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles: Always Recycle!. 5 Human Impacts on the Environment. Pollution. Conservation and Restoration Ecology. The History of Life on Earth. Population Ecology: The Texas Mosquito Mystery. Human Population Growth. Community Ecology: Feel the Love. Community Ecology II: Predators. Ecological Succession: Change is Good. Ecosystem Ecology: Links in the Chain. The Hydrologic and Carbon Cycles: Always Recycle!. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles: Always Recycle!. 5 Human Impacts on the Environment. Pollution. Conservation and Restoration Ecology.

Topics covered in college organic chemistry course. Basic understanding of basic high school or college chemistry assumed. Representing Structures of Organic Molecules. Naming Simple Alkanes. Naming Alkanes with Alkyl Groups. Correction - 2-Propylheptane should never be the name!. Common and Systematic Naming-Iso, Sec and Tert Prefixes. Organic Chemistry Naming Examples 1. Organic Chemistry Naming Examples 2. Organic Chemistry Naming Examples 3. Organic Chemistry Naming Examples 4. Organic Chemistry Naming Examples 5. Naming Alkenes Examples. Naming Alkyl Halides. sp3 Hybridized Orbitals and Sigma Bonds. Pi bonds and sp2 Hybridized Orbitals. Newman Projections. Newman Projections 2. Chair and Boat Shapes for Cyclohexane. Double Newman Diagram for Methcyclohexane. Introduction to Chirality. Chiral Examples 1. Chiral Examples 2. Cahn-Ingold-Prelog System for Naming Enantiomers. R,S (Cahn-Ingold-Prelog) Naming System Example 2. Stereoisomers, Enantiomers, Diastereomers, Constitutional Isomers and Meso Compounds. Cis-Trans and E-Z Naming Scheme for Alkenes. Entgegen-Zusammen Naming Scheme for Alkenes Examples. Introduction to Reaction Mechanisms. Markovnikov's Rule and Carbocations. Addition of Water (Acid-Catalyzed) Mechanism. Polymerization of Alkenes with Acid. Sn2 Reactions. Sn1 Reactions. Steric Hindrance. Sn2 Stereochemistry. Solvent Effects on Sn1 and Sn2 Reactions. Nucleophilicity (Nucleophile Strength). Nucleophilicity vs. Basicity. E2 Reactions. E1 Reactions. Zaitsev's Rule. Comparing E2 E1 Sn2 Sn1 Reactions. E2 E1 Sn2 Sn1 Reactions Example 2. E2 E1 Sn2 Sn1 Reactions Example 3. Free Radical Reactions. Alcohols. Alcohol Properties. Resonance. Ether Naming and Introduction. Cyclic ethers and epoxide naming. Ring-opening Sn2 reaction of expoxides. Sn1 and Sn2 epoxide opening discussion. Aromatic Compounds and Huckel's Rule. Naming Benzene Derivatives Introduction. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution. Bromination of Benzene. Amine Naming Introduction. Amine Naming 2. Amine as Nucleophile in Sn2 Reaction. Amine in Sn2 part 2. Sn1 Amine Reaction. Aldehyde Introduction. Ketone Naming. Friedel Crafts Acylation. Friedel Crafts Acylation Addendum. Keto Enol Tautomerization. Carboxlic Acid Introduction. Carboxylic Acid Naming. Fisher Esterification. Acid Chloride Formation. Amides, Anhydrides, Esters and Acyl Chlorides. Relative Stability of Amides Esters Anhydrides and Acyl Chlorides. Amide Formation from Acyl Chloride. Aldol Reaction.

alcohols, ethers, epoxides, thiols, sulfides. Alcohols. Alcohol Properties. alcohol nomenclature. physical properties of alcohols and preparation of alkoxides. preparation of alcohols using NaBH4. preparation of alcohols using LiAlH4. synthesis of alcohols using grignard reagents I. synthesis of alcohols using grignard reagents II. oxidation of alcohols I: mechanism and oxidation states. oxidation of alcohols II: examples. biological redox reactions. formation of nitrate esters. preparation of alkyl halides from alcohols. Ether Naming and Introduction. Ether nomenclature. Properties of ethers and crown ethers. williamson ether synthesis. acidic cleavage of ethers. Cyclic ethers and epoxide naming. nomenclature and preparation of epoxides. preparation of epoxides: stereochemistry. Ring-opening Sn2 reaction of expoxides. Sn1 and Sn2 epoxide opening discussion. ring-opening reactions of epoxides: strong nucleophiles. ring opening reactions of epoxides: acid-catalyzed. preparation of sulfides. Alcohols. Alcohol Properties. alcohol nomenclature. physical properties of alcohols and preparation of alkoxides. preparation of alcohols using NaBH4. preparation of alcohols using LiAlH4. synthesis of alcohols using grignard reagents I. synthesis of alcohols using grignard reagents II. oxidation of alcohols I: mechanism and oxidation states. oxidation of alcohols II: examples. biological redox reactions. formation of nitrate esters. preparation of alkyl halides from alcohols. Ether Naming and Introduction. Ether nomenclature. Properties of ethers and crown ethers. williamson ether synthesis. acidic cleavage of ethers. Cyclic ethers and epoxide naming. nomenclature and preparation of epoxides. preparation of epoxides: stereochemistry. Ring-opening Sn2 reaction of expoxides. Sn1 and Sn2 epoxide opening discussion. ring-opening reactions of epoxides: strong nucleophiles. ring opening reactions of epoxides: acid-catalyzed. preparation of sulfides.

naming alkanes and cycloalkanes, conformations of alkanes and cycloalkanes, and free radical reactions. Representing Structures of Organic Molecules. Naming Simple Alkanes. Naming Alkanes with Alkyl Groups. Correction - 2-Propylheptane should never be the name!. Common and Systematic Naming-Iso, Sec and Tert Prefixes. Organic Chemistry Naming Examples 1. Organic Chemistry Naming Examples 2. Organic Chemistry Naming Examples 3. Organic Chemistry Naming Examples 4. Organic Chemistry Naming Examples 5. Newman Projections. Newman Projections 2. Chair and Boat Shapes for Cyclohexane. Double Newman Diagram for Methcyclohexane. alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature I. alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature II. alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature III. bicyclic compounds. naming cubane. conformations of ethane and propane. conformations of butane. conformations of cyclohexane I: chair and boat. conformations of cyclohexane II: monosubstituted. conformations of cyclohexane III: disubstituted. conformations of cyclohexane IV: trisubstituted. Free Radical Reactions. Representing Structures of Organic Molecules. Naming Simple Alkanes. Naming Alkanes with Alkyl Groups. Correction - 2-Propylheptane should never be the name!. Common and Systematic Naming-Iso, Sec and Tert Prefixes. Organic Chemistry Naming Examples 1. Organic Chemistry Naming Examples 2. Organic Chemistry Naming Examples 3. Organic Chemistry Naming Examples 4. Organic Chemistry Naming Examples 5. Newman Projections. Newman Projections 2. Chair and Boat Shapes for Cyclohexane. Double Newman Diagram for Methcyclohexane. alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature I. alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature II. alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature III. bicyclic compounds. naming cubane. conformations of ethane and propane. conformations of butane. conformations of cyclohexane I: chair and boat. conformations of cyclohexane II: monosubstituted. conformations of cyclohexane III: disubstituted. conformations of cyclohexane IV: trisubstituted. Free Radical Reactions.

naming alkenes and alkynes, reactions of alkenes and alkynes, synthesis. Naming Alkenes Examples. Cis-Trans and E-Z Naming Scheme for Alkenes. Entgegen-Zusammen Naming Scheme for Alkenes Examples. Introduction to Reaction Mechanisms. Markovnikov's Rule and Carbocations. Addition of Water (Acid-Catalyzed) Mechanism. Polymerization of Alkenes with Acid. Alkene intro and stability. Alkene nomenclature. cis/trans and the E/Z system. hydrogenation. hydrohalogenation. hydration. halogenation. halohydrin formation. hydroboration-oxidation. epoxide formation and anti dihydroxylation. syn dihydroxylation. Ozonolysis. alkyne nomenclature. alkyne acidity and alkylation. preparation of alkynes. reduction of alkynes. hydrohalogenation of alkynes. hydration of alkynes. hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes. halogenation and ozonolysis of alkynes. synthesis using alkynes. Naming Alkenes Examples. Cis-Trans and E-Z Naming Scheme for Alkenes. Entgegen-Zusammen Naming Scheme for Alkenes Examples. Introduction to Reaction Mechanisms. Markovnikov's Rule and Carbocations. Addition of Water (Acid-Catalyzed) Mechanism. Polymerization of Alkenes with Acid. Alkene intro and stability. Alkene nomenclature. cis/trans and the E/Z system. hydrogenation. hydrohalogenation. hydration. halogenation. halohydrin formation. hydroboration-oxidation. epoxide formation and anti dihydroxylation. syn dihydroxylation. Ozonolysis. alkyne nomenclature. alkyne acidity and alkylation. preparation of alkynes. reduction of alkynes. hydrohalogenation of alkynes. hydration of alkynes. hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes. halogenation and ozonolysis of alkynes. synthesis using alkynes.

aromatic compounds, naming derivatives of benzene, electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Naming Benzene Derivatives Introduction. naming benzene derivatives. Aromatic Compounds and Huckel's Rule. Aromatic Stability I. aromatic stability II. aromatic stability III. aromatic stability IV. aromatic stability V. Aromatic Heterocycles I. Aromatic Heterocycles II. Resonance. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution. Bromination of Benzene. Friedel Crafts Acylation. Friedel Crafts Acylation Addendum. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Mechanism. Halogenation. Nitration. Sulfonation. Friedel-Crafts Alkylation. Friedel-Crafts Acylation. Ortho-Para Directors I. Ortho-Para Directors II. Ortho-Para Directors III. Meta Directors I. Meta Directors II. Multiple Substituents. Birch Reduction I. Birch Reduction II. Reactions at the Benzylic Position. Synthesis of Substituted Benzene Rings I. Synthesis of Substituted Benzene Rings II. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution I. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution II. Naming Benzene Derivatives Introduction. naming benzene derivatives. Aromatic Compounds and Huckel's Rule. Aromatic Stability I. aromatic stability II. aromatic stability III. aromatic stability IV. aromatic stability V. Aromatic Heterocycles I. Aromatic Heterocycles II. Resonance. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution. Bromination of Benzene. Friedel Crafts Acylation. Friedel Crafts Acylation Addendum. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Mechanism. Halogenation. Nitration. Sulfonation. Friedel-Crafts Alkylation. Friedel-Crafts Acylation. Ortho-Para Directors I. Ortho-Para Directors II. Ortho-Para Directors III. Meta Directors I. Meta Directors II. Multiple Substituents. Birch Reduction I. Birch Reduction II. Reactions at the Benzylic Position. Synthesis of Substituted Benzene Rings I. Synthesis of Substituted Benzene Rings II. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution I. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution II.

naming carboxylic acids, formation of carboxylic acid derivatives. Carboxlic Acid Introduction. Carboxylic Acid Naming. Fisher Esterification. Acid Chloride Formation. Amides, Anhydrides, Esters and Acyl Chlorides. Relative Stability of Amides Esters Anhydrides and Acyl Chlorides. Amide Formation from Acyl Chloride. Carboxlic Acid Introduction. Carboxylic Acid Naming. Fisher Esterification. Acid Chloride Formation. Amides, Anhydrides, Esters and Acyl Chlorides. Relative Stability of Amides Esters Anhydrides and Acyl Chlorides. Amide Formation from Acyl Chloride.

conjugation, conjugated dienes, addition reactions of conjugated dienes, diels-alder reaction, MO theory, color. addition reaction of conjugated dienes I: mechanism. addition reaction of conjugated dienes II: example. addition reaction of conjugated dienes III: control. diels-alder I: mechanism. diels-alder II: endo vs exo. diels-alder III: stereochemistry of dienophile. diels-alder IV: stereochemistry of diene. diels-alder V: regiochemistry. diels-alder VI: more regiochemistry. diels-alder VII: intramolecular. intro to molecular orbital (MO) theory. MO theory for butadiene. MO theory for Diels-Alder. intro to color theory. conjugation and color. color in organic molecules. addition reaction of conjugated dienes I: mechanism. addition reaction of conjugated dienes II: example. addition reaction of conjugated dienes III: control. diels-alder I: mechanism. diels-alder II: endo vs exo. diels-alder III: stereochemistry of dienophile. diels-alder IV: stereochemistry of diene. diels-alder V: regiochemistry. diels-alder VI: more regiochemistry. diels-alder VII: intramolecular. intro to molecular orbital (MO) theory. MO theory for butadiene. MO theory for Diels-Alder. intro to color theory. conjugation and color. color in organic molecules.

A review of hybrid orbitals, dot structures, electronegativity, and polarity. sp3 Hybridized Orbitals and Sigma Bonds. Pi bonds and sp2 Hybridized Orbitals. dot structures I: single bonds. dot structures II: multiple bonds. sp3 hybrid orbitals. tetrahedral bond angle proof. sp2 hybrid orbitals. sp hybrid orbitals. more hybridization. electronegativity. electronegativity and intermolecular forces. sp3 Hybridized Orbitals and Sigma Bonds. Pi bonds and sp2 Hybridized Orbitals. dot structures I: single bonds. dot structures II: multiple bonds. sp3 hybrid orbitals. tetrahedral bond angle proof. sp2 hybrid orbitals. sp hybrid orbitals. more hybridization. electronegativity. electronegativity and intermolecular forces.

bond-line structures, functional groups, formal charges, resonance structures, oxidation and reduction, acid/base chemistry. bond-line structures. 3-D bond-line structures. structural (constitutional) isomers. functional groups I. functional groups II. formal charge I. formal charge II. resonance structures I. resonance structures II. resonance structures III. oxidation states I. oxidation states II. Acid/Base Definitions. Ka and pKa Derivation. Stabilization of Conjugate Base I. Stabilization of Conjugate Base II. Stabilization of Conjugate Base III. Stabilization of Conjugate Base IV. bond-line structures. 3-D bond-line structures. structural (constitutional) isomers. functional groups I. functional groups II. formal charge I. formal charge II. resonance structures I. resonance structures II. resonance structures III. oxidation states I. oxidation states II. Acid/Base Definitions. Ka and pKa Derivation. Stabilization of Conjugate Base I. Stabilization of Conjugate Base II. Stabilization of Conjugate Base III. Stabilization of Conjugate Base IV.